The Sentence

1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE has one independent clause 

Examples: 

Tom reads novels 
Tom reads newpapers 
Tom reads novels and newspapers (compound direct object) 
Tom reads and enjoys novels (compund verb) 
Tom and Harry read novels (compound subject) 
Tom and Harry read and enjoy novels and newspapers (compund subject, verb, direct object)

Punctuation Note: NO commas separate two compound elements (subject, verb, direct bject, indirect object; subjective complement, etc) in a simple sentence. 

 2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE has two indenpendent clauses joines by 

 A. a coordinating conjunction (for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so) 
 B. a conjunctive adverb (e.g: however,therefor), or 
 C. a semicolon alone. 

 Examples: (to match A,B and C above) 

A. Tom reads novels, but Jack reads comics. 
B. Tom reads novels; however, Jack reads comics.
C. Tom reads novels; his friends reads comics. 

Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, and C above): 

A. Independent clause, coordinating conjunction independent clause. 
B. Independent clause; conjunctive adverb independent clause. 
C. Independent clause; independent clause. 

3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun ) joined to an independent clause.

Examples: 

A. Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics 
B. Jack reads comics although Tom reads novels 
C. Jack Smith, who reads comics, rarely reads novels 
D. People who read comics rarely read novels 

Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, C and D above): 

A. Dependent clause, independent clause 
B. Independent clause dependent clause 
C. Independent, nonessential dependent clause, clause. 
D. Independent essential dependent clause clause. 

4. A COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined to one or more dependent clauses.

Punctuation patterns: 

Follow the rules given above for compound and complex sentences. A compound-complex sentence is merely a combination of the two.

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